Therefore, accurate detection of primate ABO blood groups is of great significance in relevant research areas and is useful for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of primate blood group systems. These blood group antibodies can bind to the A/B antigens expressed on the endothelial cells of transplanted organs, resulting in hyperacute or acute humoral injury or rejection similar to that seen in human ABO-incompatible organ transplantation 2, 7, 10.
In addition, anti-A and anti-B antibodies may be present in the circulating system of non-human primates. However, these blood antigens are absent or only weakly expressed on the red blood cell (RBC) surface of non-human primates 6, yet they are widely distributed on the vascular endothelium and epithelial cells and in exocrine secretions 2, 7, 8, 9. Like humans, non-human primates express the ABH specificities of the ABO blood group system. In this study, we have evaluated the feasibility, convenience, and stability of the buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay and investigated its usefulness as a supplement to the reverse gel system assay. In recent years, another non-invasive method with buccal mucosal cell immunohistochemistry has been reported to determine ABO typing of monkeys and obtain good results 4, 5. Therefore, it is still necessary to find a more effective method for accurate blood type determination in monkeys. However, with the appearance of an increasing number of tests, confusing results are still being obtained in some cynomolgus monkey specimens.
In 2009, we reported for the first time that a reverse gel system assay using preabsorbed serum had been validated as a simple and reliable method for ABO typing of Rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys 3.
However, monkeys do not express ABH antigens on their red blood cells (RBCs) 2, making the accurate determination of blood type difficult. Identification of primate ABO blood groups is indispensable in many blood-related research fields, such as organ transplantation and hematology 1. Based on our findings, we recommend the reverse gel system assay as the first choice for primate blood type analysis, and the buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay as a Supplementary Method whenever the reverse gel system assay fails to give a clear result. After repeated smearing and staining, the ABO group type could be correctly identified in samples from the rest of the monkeys, which were either lacking sufficient buccal mucosal cells or contained impurities. The original immunofluorescent staining of the buccal mucosal smears clearly and correctly identified the ABO blood groups in 50 of the 72 monkeys. Using the reverse gel system assay and preabsorbed serum, we achieved accurate detection of ABO blood groups in 65 of the 72 monkeys but obtained confusing results in the remaining 7. The renal tissue immunofluorescent assay was used to obtain an accurate blood type in the monkeys. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility, convenience, and stability of two non-invasive methods for ABO typing (a reverse gel system assay and a buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay) in cynomolgus monkeys (n = 72). ABH antigens are not expressed on the red blood cells of monkeys, making it difficult to accurately determine their blood type.
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